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M1903 Springfield: Difference between revisions
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The Springfield M1903 was the first service rifle to be adopted by all branches of the United States Armed Forces. It is a Mauser-style turnbolt action with a 24" barrel, 5-round staggered-column box magazine contained within the stock, and straight-grip single-piece stock. It fired the new high-velocity .30-'06 caliber cartridge which would become the standard US rifle and machine-gun round for the next 50 years. | |||
[[Image:M1903Mark1.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Springfield M1903 Mk 1 - .30-06]] | [[Image:M1903Mark1.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Springfield M1903 Mk 1 - .30-06]] | ||
[[Image:Springfield1903PedersonDSide.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Closeup detail of the M1903 Springfield above - this model is receiver cut for a Pederson Device.]] | [[Image:Springfield1903PedersonDSide.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Closeup detail of the M1903 Springfield above - this model is receiver cut for a Pederson Device.]] | ||
[[Image:Springfield1903.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Springfield M1903 Transitional (pre-WW2) issue - .30-06]] | [[Image:Springfield1903.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Springfield M1903 Transitional (pre-WW2) issue - .30-06]] | ||
==Development== | |||
During the Spanish-American War, US Army troops in Cuba found their [[Krag-Jørgensen]] rifles severely outmatched by the Spanish Army's [[Mauser Rifle Series#1893 Spanish Mauser|M1893 Mauser]] rifle. The high-velocity and flat trajectory of the 7x57mm cartridge compared to the .30-40 Krag made the Spanish rifle more accurate, and the Mauser design allowed for immediate reloading of the entire magazine via stripper clips, whereas the Krag could only be loaded singly. This gave the Spanish a decisive advantage in rate-of-fire. A more powerful .30-40 cartridge was developed in 1899, but generated too much chamber pressure for the rifle to withstand repeated firings. It was decided that an entirely new rifle was needed. Thousands of M1893 rifles -surrendered by Spanish troops in Cuba- were returned to the US and extensively studied at Springfield Armory, where it was decided that the Mauser was the superior design. A prototype rifle was produced in 1900; interestingly, it was very similar to Rifle No.5, the final [[Mauser Rifle Series#1891 Mauser Rifle|M1892 Mauser]] prototype in the US Army rifle trials of 1892. This design was rejected, and a new design combining features of the 1898 Krag rifle and the 1893 Spanish Mauser. | |||
==Design== | |||
The new M1901 prototype combined the cock-on-opening bolt, 30" barrel, magazine cutoff, stock and sights of the Krag-Jørgensen with the dual locking lugs, external claw extractor, and staggered-column magazine of the 1893 Mauser. Taking a cue from the [[Gewehr 98]], a large safety lug was added to the side of the bolt behind the extractor, which would engage the receiver bridge and prevent the bolt moving rearwards. The bolt handle was also bent downwards, to make operation of the bolt faster. It fired an entirely new .30 caliber cartridge, which propelled a 220gr round-nosed bullet at 2,300ft/s. The design was unsuccessful, however, and returned to the drawing board for further improvements. | |||
Following then-current trends in service rifles, the barrel was shortened to 24", the idea being that a longer barrel offered no appreciable ballistic advantage, and the shorter barrel was lighter and easier to handle. This "short rifle" also eliminated the need of a shorter weapon for mounted troops or cavalry. A spike-type bayonet with storage in the forend of the stock was added to the design, and the new design was officially adopted as the '''United States Rifle, Caliber .30, Model 1903'''. | |||
Almost immediately it underwent two important modifications. In 1905, with 80,000 rifles aready produced, then-US President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the spike bayonet redesigned; he believed it was too flimsy for combat. A conventional blade-type bayonet, the M1905, replaced it and all rifles already produced were retrofitted for the new bayonet. The .30-'03 cartridge was also troublesome; the bullet caused excessive wear on the rifling, and the round-nosed bullet was aerodynamically inefficient. A new cartridge, propelling a 150gr ''spitzer'' bullet at 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) with improved propellant and redesigned case was approved in 1906, becoming the ubiquitous .30-'06. All existing rifles were re-chambered and re-sighted for the new cartridge. | |||
'''The M1903 Springfield has appeared in the following movies, television shows and video games used by the following actors:''' | '''The M1903 Springfield has appeared in the following movies, television shows and video games used by the following actors:''' | ||
Revision as of 22:27, 27 July 2012
The Springfield M1903 was the first service rifle to be adopted by all branches of the United States Armed Forces. It is a Mauser-style turnbolt action with a 24" barrel, 5-round staggered-column box magazine contained within the stock, and straight-grip single-piece stock. It fired the new high-velocity .30-'06 caliber cartridge which would become the standard US rifle and machine-gun round for the next 50 years.
Development
During the Spanish-American War, US Army troops in Cuba found their Krag-Jørgensen rifles severely outmatched by the Spanish Army's M1893 Mauser rifle. The high-velocity and flat trajectory of the 7x57mm cartridge compared to the .30-40 Krag made the Spanish rifle more accurate, and the Mauser design allowed for immediate reloading of the entire magazine via stripper clips, whereas the Krag could only be loaded singly. This gave the Spanish a decisive advantage in rate-of-fire. A more powerful .30-40 cartridge was developed in 1899, but generated too much chamber pressure for the rifle to withstand repeated firings. It was decided that an entirely new rifle was needed. Thousands of M1893 rifles -surrendered by Spanish troops in Cuba- were returned to the US and extensively studied at Springfield Armory, where it was decided that the Mauser was the superior design. A prototype rifle was produced in 1900; interestingly, it was very similar to Rifle No.5, the final M1892 Mauser prototype in the US Army rifle trials of 1892. This design was rejected, and a new design combining features of the 1898 Krag rifle and the 1893 Spanish Mauser.
Design
The new M1901 prototype combined the cock-on-opening bolt, 30" barrel, magazine cutoff, stock and sights of the Krag-Jørgensen with the dual locking lugs, external claw extractor, and staggered-column magazine of the 1893 Mauser. Taking a cue from the Gewehr 98, a large safety lug was added to the side of the bolt behind the extractor, which would engage the receiver bridge and prevent the bolt moving rearwards. The bolt handle was also bent downwards, to make operation of the bolt faster. It fired an entirely new .30 caliber cartridge, which propelled a 220gr round-nosed bullet at 2,300ft/s. The design was unsuccessful, however, and returned to the drawing board for further improvements.
Following then-current trends in service rifles, the barrel was shortened to 24", the idea being that a longer barrel offered no appreciable ballistic advantage, and the shorter barrel was lighter and easier to handle. This "short rifle" also eliminated the need of a shorter weapon for mounted troops or cavalry. A spike-type bayonet with storage in the forend of the stock was added to the design, and the new design was officially adopted as the United States Rifle, Caliber .30, Model 1903.
Almost immediately it underwent two important modifications. In 1905, with 80,000 rifles aready produced, then-US President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the spike bayonet redesigned; he believed it was too flimsy for combat. A conventional blade-type bayonet, the M1905, replaced it and all rifles already produced were retrofitted for the new bayonet. The .30-'03 cartridge was also troublesome; the bullet caused excessive wear on the rifling, and the round-nosed bullet was aerodynamically inefficient. A new cartridge, propelling a 150gr spitzer bullet at 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) with improved propellant and redesigned case was approved in 1906, becoming the ubiquitous .30-'06. All existing rifles were re-chambered and re-sighted for the new cartridge.
The M1903 Springfield has appeared in the following movies, television shows and video games used by the following actors:
Specifications
- Weight: 8.65 lb (3.9 kg) depending on wood density
- Length: 44.9 in (1,140 mm)
- Barrel length: 24 in (610 mm)
- Cartridge: .30-03 Springfield; .30-06 Springfield
- Action: Bolt-action
- Muzzle velocity: 2,800 ft/s (853 m/s)
- Feed system: 5-round, 25-round(Air Service variant) stripper clip, internal box magazine
- Sights: Leaf rear sight, barleycorn-type front sight
- M1903A3: Aperture rear sight, barleycorn-type front sight
Film
| Actor | Character | Title | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Town guard | The Book of Eli | Customized with Mannlicher Schönauer Carbine (Stutzen) stock. Same rifle as used in A Boy and His Dog (1975) | 2010 |
| Leonardo DiCaprio | US Marshal Teddy Daniels | Shutter Island | 2009 | |
| Prison Guards | Shutter Island | 2009 | ||
| US Army soldiers | Public Enemies | 2009 | ||
| Prison guards | Public Enemies | 2009 | ||
| Vigilante | Public Enemies | 2009 | ||
| Tim Blake Nelson | Mr. Theopolis | Fido | 2006 | |
| US Army soldiers | Fido | 2006 | ||
| Zomcon guards | Fido | 2006 | ||
| Cuban rebels | The Lost City | 2005 | ||
| US Army soldiers | King Kong | 2005 | ||
| US military personnel | Pearl Harbor | 2001 | ||
| US military honor guard | Clear and Present Danger | With metal parts chromed | 1994 | |
| Gary Sinise | Lt. Dan Taylor's ancestor | Forrest Gump | 1994 | |
| Kent Military School students | Child's Play 3 | 1991 | ||
| Lee Marvin | Private Possum | The Big Red One | 1980 | |
| Don Johnson | Vic | A Boy and His Dog | Customized with Mannlicher Schönauer Carbine (Stutzen) stock | 1975 |
| Vigilantes | Dillinger | 1973 | ||
| Texas Rangers | Big Jake | 1971 | ||
| French soldier | Two Mules for Sister Sara | 1970 | ||
| Steve McQueen | Jake Holman | The Sand Pebbles | 1966 | |
| Richard Attenborough | Frenchy Burgoyne | The Sand Pebbles | 1966 | |
| Mexican soldiers | The Professionals | 1966 | ||
| Rebels | The Professionals | 1966 | ||
| South American soldier | The FBI Story | 1959 | ||
| US Navy sailor | A Bullet For Joey | 1955 | ||
| Mexican soldiers and rebels | Viva Zapata! | 1952 | ||
| Ward Bond | Bert the cop | It's a Wonderful Life | 1946 | |
| US Army soldier | The Story of G.I. Joe | 1945 | ||
| John Wayne | Lt. JG 'Rusty' Ryan | They Were Expendable | 1945 | |
| US Navy sailor | They Were Expendable | 1945 | ||
| Robert Taylor | Sgt. Bill Dane | Bataan | 1943 | |
| Thomas Mitchell | Cpl. Jake Feingold | Bataan | 1943 | |
| Barry Nelson | F.X. Matowski | Bataan | 1943 | |
| Louis Mercier | Jean 'Frenchie' Leroux | Sahara | 1943 | |
| German soldiers | Sahara | 1943 | ||
| Gary Cooper | Sgt. Alvin York | Sergeant York | 1941 | |
| James Cagney | Private Jerry Plunkett | The Fighting 69th | 1940 | |
| Jeffrey Lynn | Sgt. Joyce Kilmer | The Fighting 69th | 1940 | |
| James Cagney | Eddie Bartlett | The Roaring Twenties | 1939 | |
| Humphrey Bogart | George Hally | The Roaring Twenties | 1939 | |
| Jeffrey Lynn | Lloyd | The Roaring Twenties | 1939 | |
| Army National Guard soldiers | Each Dawn I Die | 1939 |
Television
| Actor | Character | Show Title / Episode | Note | Air Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hugh Quarshie | Solomon | Doctor Who / "Daleks iin Manhattan" | 2005 - ???? | |
| Hooverville citizens | Doctor Who / "Daleks in Manhattan" | 2005 - ???? |
Anime
Video Games
| Game Title | Appears as | Mods | Notation | Release Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mafia: The City of Lost Heaven | 2002 | |||
| Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth | 2005 | |||
| Call of Duty: World at War | 2008 | |||
| 7554 | 2011 | |||
| Hidden & Dangerous 2 | 2003 |
Animation
| Film/TV Show | Actor | Character | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Iron Giant | US Army soldiers | 1999 |
M1903A1 Springfield Rifle
The M1903A1 Springfield has appeared in the following movies, television shows and video games used by the following actors:
Film
| Actor | Character | Title | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Best Seller | . | 1987 |
| MSgt. Tom Minder | US Marine sniper | Letters from Iwo Jima | With 8x Unertl scope | 2006 |
Television
| Actor | Character | Title | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US Marine Sniper | The Pacific | With 8x Unertl scope | 2010 |
Video Game
| Game Title | Appears as | Note | Release Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forgotten Hope 2 | 2005 |
M1903A3 "Springfield" Rifle
Though called "the World War 2 Springfield" the bolt action Model 1903A3 was never made by Springfield. It was made on license to Remington and Smith Corona (the typewriter company).
The M1903A3 Springfield has appeared in the following movies, television shows and video games used by the following actors:
Film
| Actor | Character | Title | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jared Swartout | U.S. Army officer | Ironweed | . | 1987 |
| . | US Army soldiers | Dillinger | . | 1973 |
| Ben Johnson | Tector | The Wild Bunch | . | 1969 |
| Strother Martin | Coffer | The Wild Bunch | . | 1969 |
| . | US Army soldiers | The Wild Bunch | . | 1969 |
| . | Mexican Army soldiers | The Wild Bunch | . | 1969 |
| . | US Army Soldiers | Battle of the Bulge | . | 1965 |
| . | Police officer | Badlands | . | 1973 |
| . | US Army soldiers | Courage Under Fire | With metal parts chromed | 1996 |
Television
| Actor | Character | Show Title / Episode | Note | Air Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keith Nobbs | PFC Wilbur 'Runner' Conley | The Pacific | 2010 | |
| Joshua Biton | Sgt. J.P. Morgan | The Pacific | 2010 | |
| Josh Helman | Lew 'Chuckler' Juergens | The Pacific | 2010 | |
| Tom Budge | PFC Ronnie Gibson | The Pacific | 2010 | |
| Sam Parsonson | Pvt. William LaPointe | The Pacific | 2010 | |
| US Marines | The Pacific | 2010 |
Video Game
| Game Title | Appears as | Mods | Notation | Release Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medal of Honor: Allied Assault | With scope | 2002 | ||
| Medal of Honor: Pacific Assault | With & without scope | 2004 | ||
| World War II Online: Battleground Europe | Released with 1.34 update | 2011 |
M1903A4 Springfield Sniper Rifle
The M1903A4 Springfield Sniper Rifle has appeared in the following movies, television shows and video games used by the following actors:
Film
| Actor | Character | Title | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barry Pepper | Pvt. Daniel Jackson | Saving Private Ryan | 1998 | |
| South Korean soldier | Tae Guk Gi | With scope removed | 2004 |
Video Games
| Game Title | Appears as | Mods | Notation | Release Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commandos 2: Men of Courage | "M1903 .30-06" | 2001 | ||
| Commandos 3: Destination Berlin | "Allied Sniper Rifle" | 2003 | ||
| Call of Duty | 2003 | |||
| Call of Duty: United Offensive | 2004 | |||
| Call of Duty: Finest Hour | 2004 | |||
| Call of Duty 2 | 2005 | |||
| Call of Duty 2: Big Red One | 2005 | |||
| Call of Duty 3 | 2006 | |||
| Call of Duty: World at War | 2008 | |||
| Hour of Victory | 2007 | |||
| Far Cry 2 | Incorrectly shown loaded with a stripper clip inserted into the bottom of the weapon | 2008 | ||
| Forgotten Hope 2 | 2005 | |||
| Medal of Honor | 1999 | |||
| Medal of Honor: Frontline | 2002 | |||
| Medal of Honor: Rising Sun | 2003 | |||
| Medal of Honor: Airborne | 2007 | |||
| Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30 | 2005 | |||
| Resident Evil 4 | With upgradable scope | Inaccurately chambered in .223 Remington | 2005 | |
| Silent Storm | 2003 | |||
| Day of Defeat | 2004 | |||
| Day of Defeat: Source | 2010 | |||
| World War II Online: Battleground Europe | released with 1.34 update | 2011 |
Anime
| Character | Film Title | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mayoi Neko Overrun! | 2010 | ||
| Lemure sniper | Baccano! | 2007 | |
| Hanasaku Iroha | 2011 |
Sporterized M1903 Springfield
In the years between the two world wars, and continuing for many years after World War II, the M1903 was a popular platform for custom bolt-action sporter rifles. Gunsmiths both amateur and professional worked with the M1903. Reginald F. Sedgely and Griffin & Howe (in business since 1923) are two of the most well known makers not to mention the thousands of self-taught hobbyists working in their basements and garages over the past eighty years. It is very common in older movies to see M1903 Sporters in use as well as other Mauser rifles not to mention Lee-Enfields, Arisakas ect. I have added photos of several Sporter M1903's with different configurations.
M1903A4 Springfield Sporter Rifles have appeared in the following movies, television shows and video games used by the following actors:
Film
| Actor | Character | Title | Note | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Howling | Griffin & Howe | 1981 | ||
| Robert Shaw | Maj. David Kabakov | Black Sunday | Scoped | 1977 |