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Cross of Iron: Difference between revisions
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|actor3=[[James Mason]] | |actor3=[[James Mason]] | ||
|character4=Captain Kiesel | |character4=Captain Kiesel | ||
|actor4=[[David | |actor4=[[David Warner]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''''Cross of Iron''''' is a 1977 WWII film directed by [[Sam Peckinpah]] and stars [[James Coburn]], [[Maximilian Schell]], and [[James Mason]]. The film tells the story of a disgruntled yet highly decorated German Sergeant ([[James Coburn|Coburn]]), and his reconnaissance platoon that is fighting on the Kuban Bridgehead, Soviet Union. All is going as well as can be expected during a retreat until a zealous Captain turns up, so jealous of Steiner's awards that he sets about a vendetta to rid himself of Steiner and at the same time win the coveted Iron Cross. | '''''Cross of Iron''''' is a 1977 WWII film directed by [[Sam Peckinpah]] and stars [[James Coburn]], [[Maximilian Schell]], and [[James Mason]]. The film tells the story of a disgruntled yet highly decorated German Sergeant ([[James Coburn|Coburn]]), and his reconnaissance platoon that is fighting on the Kuban Bridgehead, Soviet Union. All is going as well as can be expected during a retreat until a zealous, (but inexperienced), Captain turns up, so jealous of Steiner's awards that he sets about a vendetta to rid himself of Steiner and at the same time win the coveted Iron Cross. | ||
'''The following weapons were used in the film ''Cross of Iron'':''' | '''The following weapons were used in the film ''Cross of Iron'':''' | ||
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=Submachine Guns= | =Submachine Guns= | ||
== PPSh-41 == | == PPSh-41 == | ||
Steiner ([[James Coburn]]), | Steiner ([[James Coburn]]), plus a few of his men, use looted [[PPSh-41]]s that they captured from the attack on the mortar position early in the movie. Steiner then uses a PPSh throughout the film. Originally chambered for 7.62x25. The PPSh-41 was later adopted by the German army and designated MP41(r) if re-chambered for 9mm parabellum, or MP717(r) and issued with 7.63x25mm Mauser if left unconverted. It should be noted that the drum magazine could not be used with the 9mm conversion, so Steiner's has to be in the original caliber. | ||
[[Image:PPSH-01-SMG.jpg|thumb|450px|none|Soviet PPSh-41 Submachine Gun - 7.62x25mm Tokarev]] | [[Image:PPSH-01-SMG.jpg|thumb|450px|none|Soviet PPSh-41 Submachine Gun - 7.62x25mm Tokarev]] | ||
[[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(36).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Steiner with his PSSh-41.]] | [[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(36).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Steiner with his PSSh-41.]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIronPPSH9.jpg|thumb|600px|none|Full side shot of the weapon.]] | |||
[[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(40).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Steiner getting sweet revenge with his PPSh-41.]] | [[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(40).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Steiner getting sweet revenge with his PPSh-41.]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - PPSH41.jpg|thumb|600px|none|Karl 'Schnurrbart' Reisenauer ([[Fred Stillkrauth]]) holds a [[PPSh-41]] as the squad storm the farmhouse.]] | [[File:CrossOfIron - PPSH41.jpg|thumb|600px|none|Karl 'Schnurrbart' Reisenauer ([[Fred Stillkrauth]]) holds a [[PPSh-41]] as the squad storm the farmhouse.]] | ||
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== MP40 == | == MP40 == | ||
[[MP40 | MP40's]] are carried by most of Steiner's platoon before the attack on the mortar position, though afterward only Privates Kern and Anselm continue to use it. It is also used by many of the German soldiers seen throughout the film including Colonel Brandt ([[James Mason]]) and Captain Stransky ([[Maximilian Schell]]). Stransky tries to use one in the finale but demonstrates his incompetence to Steiner when he cannot reload it. | [[MP40 | MP40's]] are carried by most of Steiner's platoon before the attack on the mortar position, though afterward only Privates Kern ([[Vadim Glowna]]) and Anselm ([[Dieter Schidor]]) continue to use it. It is also used by many of the German soldiers seen throughout the film including Colonel Brandt ([[James Mason]]) and Captain Stransky ([[Maximilian Schell]]). Stransky tries to use one in the finale but demonstrates his incompetence to Steiner when he cannot reload it. | ||
[[Image:MP40.jpg|thumb|none|450px|MP40 - 9mm.]] | [[Image:MP40.jpg|thumb|none|450px|MP40 - 9mm.]] | ||
[[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(30).jpg|thumb|600px|none|A German soldier fires his [[MP40]].]] | [[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(30).jpg|thumb|600px|none|A German soldier fires his [[MP40]].]] | ||
[[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(9).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Steiner with the MP40 at the beginning of the film.]] | [[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(9).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Steiner with the MP40 at the beginning of the film.]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - MP40 2.jpg|thumb|600px|none|A member of Steiner's squad, probably Karl 'Schnurrbart' Reisenauer, in disguise as a Soviet soldier, fires a [[PPSh-41]], a MP40 slung over his left shoulder.]] | [[File:CrossOfIron - MP40 2.jpg|thumb|600px|none|A member of Steiner's squad, probably Karl 'Schnurrbart' Reisenauer ([[Fred Stillkrauth]]), in disguise as a Soviet soldier, fires a [[PPSh-41]], a MP40 slung over his left shoulder.]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - MP40 5.jpg|thumb|600px|none|Captain Stransky ([[Maximilian Schell]]) panics when he can not figure out how to reload his [[MP40]].]] | [[File:CrossOfIron - MP40 5.jpg|thumb|600px|none|"How do I reload, Sgt. Steiner?". Captain Stransky ([[Maximilian Schell]]) panics when he can not figure out how to reload his [[MP40]].]] | ||
=Rifles= | =Rifles= | ||
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[[Image:Karabiner-98K.jpg|thumb|500px|none|Karabiner 98k, 7.92x57mm]] | [[Image:Karabiner-98K.jpg|thumb|500px|none|Karabiner 98k, 7.92x57mm]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - Kar98.jpg|thumb| | [[File:CrossOfIron - Kar98.jpg|thumb|601px|none|Dietz ([[Michael Nowka]]) holds a [[Karabiner 98k]].]] | ||
== Mosin Nagant | == Mosin Nagant M44 Carbine == | ||
Some Red Army soldiers are armed with [[Mosin Nagant Rifle|Mosin Nagant | Some Red Army soldiers are armed with [[Mosin Nagant Rifle|Mosin Nagant M44]] Carbines. | ||
[[ | [[File:M44Carbine.jpg|thumb|500px|none|Mosin Nagant M44 Carbine with attached side-folding bayonet, 7.63x54R]] | ||
[[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(42).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Russian soldier with Mosin Nagant M44 Carbine. Note the folding "spike" type bayonet.]] | [[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(42).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Russian soldier with Mosin Nagant M44 Carbine. Note the folding "spike" type bayonet.]] | ||
== Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle == | == Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle == | ||
In the beginning sequence a [[Mosin Nagant Rifle|Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle]] is picked up by Private Maag (Burkhard Driest) from a dead Russian soldier, Maag continues to use it for the rest of the film until he pretends to be a Soviet prisoner. | In the beginning sequence a [[Mosin Nagant Rifle|Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle]] is picked up by Private Maag ([[Burkhard Driest]]) from a dead Russian soldier, Maag continues to use it for the rest of the film until he pretends to be a Soviet prisoner. | ||
[[Image:MosinNagantM9130Sniper.jpg|thumb|500px|none|Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle, 7.63x54R]] | [[Image:MosinNagantM9130Sniper.jpg|thumb|500px|none|Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle, 7.63x54R]] | ||
[[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(5).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Private Maag inspecting the Mosin Nagant M91/30 that he uses for the rest of the movie]] | [[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(5).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Private Maag inspecting the Mosin Nagant M91/30 that he uses for the rest of the movie]] | ||
[[Image:Cross of iron curved bolt mosin.jpg|thumb|600px|none|A Soviet soldier is seen with an un-scoped, but still with a curved bolt, during the climax.]] | |||
=Handguns= | =Handguns= | ||
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[[Image:BerettaModel1935.jpg|thumb|300px|none|Beretta M1935, .32 ACP version of the M1934]] | [[Image:BerettaModel1935.jpg|thumb|300px|none|Beretta M1935, .32 ACP version of the M1934]] | ||
[[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(15).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Stransky and his Beretta M1934.]] | [[Image:Cross_of_Iron_(15).jpg|thumb|600px|none|Stransky and his Beretta M1934.]] | ||
[[File: | [[File:Crossofironberetta1.jpg|thumb|600px|none|Stransky cleans his Beretta M1934.]] | ||
== Walther P38 == | == Walther P38 == | ||
The [[Walther P38]] is used by Corporal (Unteroffizier) Krüger ([[Klaus | The [[Walther P38]] is used by Corporal (Unteroffizier) Krüger ([[Klaus Löwitsch]]) in a close combat situation when his submachine gun runs dry. | ||
[[Image:P38Black.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Walther P38]] | [[Image:P38Black.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Walther P38]] | ||
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== Luger P08 == | == Luger P08 == | ||
Sergeant (Feldwebel) Steiner carries a [[Luger P08]] pistol as his sidearm throughout the movie. It is most notably seen when he drops his webbing and the Russian child soldier ([[Slavko Štimac]]) takes it out of | Sergeant (Feldwebel) Steiner carries a [[Luger P08]] pistol as his sidearm throughout the movie. It is most notably seen when he drops his webbing and the Russian child soldier ([[Slavko Štimac]]) takes it out of its holster as nobody watches but decides to not use it. | ||
[[Image:LugerP08Pistol.jpg|thumb|none|350px|Luger P08 - 9x19mm]] | [[Image:LugerP08Pistol.jpg|thumb|none|350px|Luger P08 - 9x19mm]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - Luger08.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Michail ([[Slavko Štimac]]) picks up Steiner's [[Luger P08]].]] | [[File:CrossOfIron - Luger08.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Michail ([[Slavko Štimac]]) picks up Steiner's [[Luger P08]].]] | ||
== Nagant Revolver (probable) == | |||
In a very brief shot a Russian soldier is seen with a revolver. The shot is not detailed enough to properly identify the gun, but since the movie was filmed in (then) Yugoslavia, which adopted the gun even before the second world war, it is most probable that the gun is a Russian Nagant variant. | |||
[[Image:Nagant-1895.jpg|thumb|none|400px|Nagant M1895 Revolver - 7.62x38N cartridge (aka 7.62 Nagant ammo).]] | |||
[[File:CrossOfIronRevolver1.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A very fast paced shot of a Russian soldier with a revolver.]] | |||
= Machine Guns = | = Machine Guns = | ||
== Maxim M1910 == | ==Maxim M1910/30== | ||
Red Army soldiers are seen manning the Russian adopted version of the Maxim machine gun. In a notable instance, a close up actually allows for the observation of the weapon's cooling mechanism. | Red Army soldiers are seen manning the Russian adopted version of the Maxim machine gun, the [[Maxim M1910/30]]. In a notable instance, a close up actually allows for the observation of the weapon's cooling mechanism. | ||
[[ | [[File:Maxim M1910 30.jpg|thumb|none|401px|Russian Maxim 1910/30, post 1941 manufacture with top hatch on cooling jacket allowing it to be filled more quickly or with snow - 7.62x54mmR]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - Maxim.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Soviet machine gun crew with their [[ | [[File:CrossOfIron - Maxim.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Soviet machine gun crew with their Maxim M1910/30.]] | ||
[[File:Cross of iron maxim 56.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Frontal shot of the Maxim. The Russians used water-cooled machineguns which, though from the first World War, were still as effective (though heavier) as the more modern air-cooled machineguns.]] | |||
[[File:CrossOfIronMaxim06.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Side shot of the Maxim.]] | |||
== MG42 == | == Zastava M53 (MG42 copy) == | ||
German forces are seen using the [[MG42]]. | German forces are seen using the [[Zastava M53]] which is a Yugoslavian post-war copy of the German [[MG42]]. Although the M53 has a slower rate of fire than the original MG42, in the movie due to post-editing the rate of fire is even slower: approximetly 400–600 rounds per minute which is the equivelant of a [[Browning M1919]] Machine Gun. | ||
[[File:MG42.jpg|thumb|none|400px]] | [[Image:Zastava M53.jpg|thumb|none|400px|Zastava M53 Machine Gun - 7.92x57mm Mauser.]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - MG42 2.jpg|thumb|none| | [[File:MG42 Left.jpg|thumb|none|400px|Original German MG42 with sling and bipod collapsed - 7.92mm Mauser]] | ||
[[Image:COI 10.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Wehrmacht soldier fires a [[ | [[File:CrossOfIron - MG42 2.jpg|thumb|none|601px|Cpl Karl 'Schnurrbart' Reisenauer ([[Fred Stillkrauth]]) and Schütze Hollerbach man a [[Zastava M53]] nest, while under enemy fire.]] | ||
[[Image:COI 10.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Wehrmacht soldier fires a Zastava M53.]] | |||
[[File:CrossOfIronM53A.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Closeup of the MG including the tripod.]] | |||
== Degtyaryov DP-28 == | == Degtyaryov DP-28 == | ||
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[[File:CrossOfIron - Degtar.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Degtyarev DP-28 machine gun on a table inside the farmhouse.]] | [[File:CrossOfIron - Degtar.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Degtyarev DP-28 machine gun on a table inside the farmhouse.]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - Degtar 2.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Soviet soldier fires a Degtyarev DP-28 during the film's climax.]] | [[File:CrossOfIron - Degtar 2.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Soviet soldier fires a Degtyarev DP-28 during the film's climax.]] | ||
==ZB-26== | |||
In historical footage in the introduction, a Russian soldier can be seen firing the [[ZB26 Machine Gun|ZB-26]]. This Czech machine gun was used on the Eastern front by both the German and Romanian armies and thus has most probably been captured by Russian forces. | |||
[[File:ZB-26.jpg|thumb|none|400px|ZB-26 Light Machine Gun - 7.92x57mm]] | |||
[[File:CrossOfIron-ZB26.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Soviet soldier firing the ZB-26 in historical footage in the intro.]] | |||
=Other= | =Other= | ||
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[[Image:M24handgrenade.JPG|thumb|none|450px|Anti-personnel fragmentation M24 hand grenade.]] | [[Image:M24handgrenade.JPG|thumb|none|450px|Anti-personnel fragmentation M24 hand grenade.]] | ||
[[File:CrossOfIron - Model24.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Karl 'Schnurrbart' Reisenauer ([[Fred Stillkrauth]]) pulls a Model 24 Stielhandgranate.]] | [[File:CrossOfIron - Model24.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Karl 'Schnurrbart' Reisenauer ([[Fred Stillkrauth]]) pulls a Model 24 Stielhandgranate.]] | ||
[[File:Cross of iron grenade 7.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Kruger (Klaus Löwitsch) arming his grenade just before he throws it at a Russian mortar crew. Note the silver anti-tank badge on his right arm signifying he is responsible for the destruction of an enemy tank using a grenade, satchel-charge or whatever weapon available.]] | |||
== PTRS-41 == | == PTRS-41 == | ||
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Both the Germans and the Soviets use a Zis-3 76mm anti-tank gun during the assault on the factory. The movie was filmed in Yugoslavia and used old army equipment including Soviet type tanks, guns and mortars. | Both the Germans and the Soviets use a Zis-3 76mm anti-tank gun during the assault on the factory. The movie was filmed in Yugoslavia and used old army equipment including Soviet type tanks, guns and mortars. | ||
Another Zis-3 is seen towed by a Soviet truck. | Another Zis-3 is seen towed by a Soviet truck. | ||
[[Image:76-mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3).jpg|thumb|none|600px|The ZiS-3 76mm Soviet Anti-tank gun in action.]] | |||
[[File:Cross of iron zis-3-2.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A ZiS-3 76mm Soviet Anti-tank gun, though this time fired by the Germans.]] | |||
== 7.5 cm Pak 40 == | |||
During the rear-guard scene, German soldiers are seen operating the [[7.5 cm Pak 40]] anti-tank gun. | |||
[[File:7,5 cm-Pak 40.jpg|thumb|500px|none|7.5 cm Pak 40 anti-tank gun - 75x714mm R]] | |||
[[File:Cross of iron 5cm pak38 1.jpg|thumb|none|600px|German soldiers firing the 7.5 cm Pak 40 anti-tank gun during a Soviet offensive.]] | |||
== T34-85 tank == | |||
[[File:T3485 cross of iron.jpg|thumb|none|600px|A Soviet T34-85 tank during the rear-guard assault.]] | |||
[[File:T3485 cross of iron 2.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Second angle of said tank during the assault.]] | |||
== 82-BM-41 mortar == | |||
Both Russians and Germans are seen using the Russian 82-mm mortar Model 1941 (BM-41, further development of [[BM-37]]). It was utilised into the 1960's by virtually all the countries in the Red sphere of influence. | |||
[[Image:82mm BM-37 Mortar.jpg|thumb|none|400px|Soviet 82mm BM-37 Mortar. BM-41 has generally same outlook except for the removable wheel base and the arched construction base plate.]] | |||
[[Image:Cross of iron mortar 1.jpg|thumb|none|600px|German soldiers firing the Soviet 82-BM-41 mortar.]] | |||
[[Image:Cross of iron mortar 3.jpg|thumb|none|600px|Second shot of German soldiers firing the Soviet 82-BM-41 mortar.]] | |||
== 2 cm Flakvierling 38 == | |||
The Germans are seen with what appears to be the [[2 cm Flak 38#2 cm Flakvierling 38|2 cm Flakvierling 38]]. | |||
Since the movie was filmed in former Yugoslavia it is possible the AA is a Russian based mockup. | |||
[[Image:Flak38.jpg|thumb|none|400px|2 cm Flakvierling 38 - 20x138mm B]] | |||
[[Image:Cross of iron aa gun.jpg|thumb|none|600px|2 cm Flakvierling 38 used by the Germans.]] | |||
[[Category:Movie]] | [[Category:Movie]] | ||
[[Category:War]] | [[Category:War]] | ||
[[Category:Sam Peckinpah]] | [[Category:Sam Peckinpah]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:42, 3 July 2022
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Cross of Iron is a 1977 WWII film directed by Sam Peckinpah and stars James Coburn, Maximilian Schell, and James Mason. The film tells the story of a disgruntled yet highly decorated German Sergeant (Coburn), and his reconnaissance platoon that is fighting on the Kuban Bridgehead, Soviet Union. All is going as well as can be expected during a retreat until a zealous, (but inexperienced), Captain turns up, so jealous of Steiner's awards that he sets about a vendetta to rid himself of Steiner and at the same time win the coveted Iron Cross.
The following weapons were used in the film Cross of Iron:
Submachine Guns
PPSh-41
Steiner (James Coburn), plus a few of his men, use looted PPSh-41s that they captured from the attack on the mortar position early in the movie. Steiner then uses a PPSh throughout the film. Originally chambered for 7.62x25. The PPSh-41 was later adopted by the German army and designated MP41(r) if re-chambered for 9mm parabellum, or MP717(r) and issued with 7.63x25mm Mauser if left unconverted. It should be noted that the drum magazine could not be used with the 9mm conversion, so Steiner's has to be in the original caliber.
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MP40
MP40's are carried by most of Steiner's platoon before the attack on the mortar position, though afterward only Privates Kern (Vadim Glowna) and Anselm (Dieter Schidor) continue to use it. It is also used by many of the German soldiers seen throughout the film including Colonel Brandt (James Mason) and Captain Stransky (Maximilian Schell). Stransky tries to use one in the finale but demonstrates his incompetence to Steiner when he cannot reload it.
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Rifles
Mauser Karabiner 98k
The Karabiner 98k is carried by several German soldiers in the film including a Private in Steiner's platoon.
Mosin Nagant M44 Carbine
Some Red Army soldiers are armed with Mosin Nagant M44 Carbines.
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Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle
In the beginning sequence a Mosin Nagant M91/30 sniper rifle is picked up by Private Maag (Burkhard Driest) from a dead Russian soldier, Maag continues to use it for the rest of the film until he pretends to be a Soviet prisoner.
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Handguns
Beretta Model 1934
Stransky's sidearm is a Beretta Model 1934, seen when he draws it in preparation to shoot the young Russian boy.
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Walther P38
The Walther P38 is used by Corporal (Unteroffizier) Krüger (Klaus Löwitsch) in a close combat situation when his submachine gun runs dry.
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Luger P08
Sergeant (Feldwebel) Steiner carries a Luger P08 pistol as his sidearm throughout the movie. It is most notably seen when he drops his webbing and the Russian child soldier (Slavko Štimac) takes it out of its holster as nobody watches but decides to not use it.
Nagant Revolver (probable)
In a very brief shot a Russian soldier is seen with a revolver. The shot is not detailed enough to properly identify the gun, but since the movie was filmed in (then) Yugoslavia, which adopted the gun even before the second world war, it is most probable that the gun is a Russian Nagant variant.
Machine Guns
Maxim M1910/30
Red Army soldiers are seen manning the Russian adopted version of the Maxim machine gun, the Maxim M1910/30. In a notable instance, a close up actually allows for the observation of the weapon's cooling mechanism.
Zastava M53 (MG42 copy)
German forces are seen using the Zastava M53 which is a Yugoslavian post-war copy of the German MG42. Although the M53 has a slower rate of fire than the original MG42, in the movie due to post-editing the rate of fire is even slower: approximetly 400–600 rounds per minute which is the equivelant of a Browning M1919 Machine Gun.
Degtyaryov DP-28
Soviet forces are also seen using the Degtyarov DP-28 light machine gun.
ZB-26
In historical footage in the introduction, a Russian soldier can be seen firing the ZB-26. This Czech machine gun was used on the Eastern front by both the German and Romanian armies and thus has most probably been captured by Russian forces.
Other
Model 24 Stielhandgranate
Steiner's men use Model 24 Stielhandgranaten at the beginning of the film to take out a Soviet mortar position.
PTRS-41
The PTRS-41 anti-tank rifle is seen used by Soviet ground forces during the climax.
76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)
Both the Germans and the Soviets use a Zis-3 76mm anti-tank gun during the assault on the factory. The movie was filmed in Yugoslavia and used old army equipment including Soviet type tanks, guns and mortars. Another Zis-3 is seen towed by a Soviet truck.
.jpg){kind=link}
7.5 cm Pak 40
During the rear-guard scene, German soldiers are seen operating the 7.5 cm Pak 40 anti-tank gun.
T34-85 tank
82-BM-41 mortar
Both Russians and Germans are seen using the Russian 82-mm mortar Model 1941 (BM-41, further development of BM-37). It was utilised into the 1960's by virtually all the countries in the Red sphere of influence.
2 cm Flakvierling 38
The Germans are seen with what appears to be the 2 cm Flakvierling 38. Since the movie was filmed in former Yugoslavia it is possible the AA is a Russian based mockup.
