Dreyse Needle Gun

The Dreyse Needle Gun was a military breechloading rifle used primarily by Prussia, who adopted it for service in 1841 as the Dreyse Zündnadelgewehr (roughly "needle ignition rifle"): it was more widely known as the Prussian Model 1841. It was developed by Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse in Sömmerda over a period from 1827 to 1840. The Dreyse was the first breechloading bolt-action rifle adopted by a major military. Production began in 1840: the gun proved slow to manufacture, with only 30,000 produced per year, and the low funding of the Prussian army meant that only 90 battalions had been issued the weapon by 1855. It was not able to completely replace the Model 1839 Potsdam caplock musket until the introduction of cast steel gun barrels in the 1860s. Other powers were skeptical of the new design, regarding a cartridge that was "always primed" as inherently dangerous, an attitude which had largely prevented military interest in the earlier pinfire cartridge. However, Prussian successes in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 led to interest in the system from other states: the French incorporated the technology into their Chassepot 1866. Even when the metallic cartridge was largely accepted, the paper cartridge's fragility kept this concern alive, making it impossible to ship cartridges trans-Atlantic when the rifles were surplussed and rendering them unable to be shot. This led to enough scams of rifles being sold with claims that cartridges could be obtained elsewhere that the Bannerman company printed a warning about such practices in their catalog.

Its name comes from the needle-like steel firing pin, 1mm thick and several inches long, which passed through the base of the waxed paper cartridge to impact a percussion cap attached to the base of the bullet. The operating method was a single-shot bolt action, with the cartridge placed into the open action manually. There are various quoted rates of fire for the weapon: one common figure is 10-12 rounds per minute, though British testing gave a rate of only 6. The system was functional but finicky, as the long firing pin and its small driving spring were prone to damage, the pin especially since it was surrounded by powder at the moment of detonation. Another result of this was the needle was inevitably heavily fouled with black powder and burned paper residue (requiring frequent replacement to prevent misfires, and careful cleaning to avoid locking up of the action). In addition, the paper cartridges were too fragile for mechanical loading, preventing the use of them with any kind of integral magazine.

The Dreyse was gradually replaced by the Mauser Gewehr 1871 as the standard service rifle for the German Army in the 1870s.

Specifications

(1841 - 1876)

• Type: Bolt-action rifle

• Caliber: 15.4 mm (M/41, M/62), 15.2 mm (M/60, M/65), 15.3 mm (M/54), 15.1 mm (M/57)

• Weight: 4.7 kg (M/41), 4.69 kg ((M/62)

• Length: 56.1 in (142.5 cm) (M/41), 53 in (134.5 cm) (M/62)

• Barrel length: 35.7 in (90.7 cm) (M/41), 33.1 in (84.2 cm) (M/62)

• Variants: Model 41, Model 54, Model 57 Cavalry Carbine, Model 60 Fusilier Rifle, Model 65 Jäger Rifle

• Rate of fire: 6–12 rounds/min

• Muzzle velocity: 305 m/s (1,000 ft/s)

• Effective range: 600 m (650 yd)

• Feed system: Single-shot bolt-action

• Sights: V-notch and front post

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Dreyse Model 1841

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Dreyse Infanteriegewehr Modell 1841 - 15.4mm

As early as 1827, Dreyse presented a muzzle-loader with needle ignition and developed in a unit cartridge in 1828, which contained for the first time detonator, propellant, and bullet. Consistent development and construction work with the system of needle ignition finally led to a military breech-loading rifle, which was tested from 1839 to 1840 at various Prussian units. Finally, on 4 December 1840, the Prussian king ordered the production of initially 60,000 Dreyse needle guns with appropriate ammunition. The production of these rifles was declared state secrets and received the designation of "leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Modell 41" ("light percussion rifle") to disguise their nature. Production of the weapons began in the fall of 1841 in the newly-built factory Dreyse in Sömmerda. The finished rifles were initially stored in the Berlin arsenal but because of the revolutionary events in 1848 in Baden and Saxony, were moved to the Füsilierbataillone of the Prussian regiments. This model was first used in the First Schleswig War between Prussia and Denmark in 1848 with little success. It was employed with far more success during the Second Schleswig War of 1864.

Relatively large quantities were produced; at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, there were 359,951 M/41s in the troop and 88,559 in the artillery depots. After mobilization was completed (end of July 1870), there were still 65,999 rifles in the artillery depots. The M/41 was gradually replaced by the improved M/62.

The Dreyse Model 1841 and variants can be seen in the following films, television series, video games, and anime used by the following actors:

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Film

Title	Actor	Character	Note	Date
Paths of Glory		French soldier		1957
Hui Buh		Ghost Police		2006
Ludwig II	Tom Schilling	Prince Otto of Bavaria		2012
		Bavarian soldiers

Television

Show Title	Actor	Character	Notes / Episode	Date
1864	Ludwig Trepte	Heinz		2014
	Roland Schreglmann	Ludwig
		Prussian soldiers
Madame Nobel		Russian soldiers	Standing in for Berdan Rifles	2014
Oktoberfest: Beer & Blood		Actors in a parade	Ep. 4 "Anstich"	2020
Imperial Game		French and Prussian soldiers		2021

Dreyse Model 1862

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Dreyse Infanteriegewehr Modell 1862 - 15.4mm

This model was introduced in 1862, while the production of the M/41 expired at the same time. The changes of the M/62 against the old M/41 included, inter alia, technical improvements, a reduced overall length (approx. 70-80 mm, almost consistent weight), another cleaning and discharging rod, and an improved bayonet fixing.

In order to ensure a simultaneous and above all uniform armament of the troops, the M/62s finished in the rifle factories were first delivered to the depots. It was only in 1867 that the new rifles were first issued to the Füsilierbataillone of the 32 infantry regiments, while the other battalions of the regiments received the new weapons only one year later. At the time of the mobilization against France in 1870, the troops had 137,339 M/62s, while another 254,474 were waiting to be used as a reserve in the Prussian depots.

The Dreyse Model 1862 and variants can be seen in the following films, television series, video games, and anime used by the following actors:

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Film

Title	Actor	Character	Note	Date
Mark of Cain (Kainovo znamení)		Prussian soldiers		1989

Television

Show Title	Actor	Character	Notes / Episode	Date
Lock 'n Load With R. Lee Ermey	R. Lee Ermey	Himself		2009
1864	Ludwig Trepte	Heinz		2014
		Prussian soldiers

Anime

Title	Character	Note	Date
Undead Girl Murder Farce	Heulendorf residents		2023

Dreyse Ö/M

Dreyse Zündnadel-Defensionsgewehr Ö/M (Österreichisches Modell) - 15.4mm

This model is the Austrian Lorenz M1854/II infantry rifle, which was captured by the Prussian troops in the war in 1866 in large numbers and was rebuilt in the years 1867-1869 using modified Zündnadelkarabiner M/57 locks. The original 13.9 mm barrel was drilled to the Prussian caliber and redrawn. To the right and left below the sleeve, the shaft was reinforced with carefully adapted, glued wooden panels. Two wooden dowels go in the holes of the previous wood screws across the shaft and the two attached wood panels. These defensive rifles were used mainly by the Prussian Landwehr Regiments, Gardegarnisons, and Provinzialgarnisons-Bataillonen. The conversions were made by Simson & Luck in Suhl and the rifle factory in Herzberg.

Relatively large quantities were rebuilt; at the outbreak of the Franco-German War on July 15, 1870, there were 425 Ö/M rifles in the troops and 35,174 in the artillery depots. At the end of the mobilization (at the end of July 1870) there were still 21,784 rifles in the artillery depots.

The Dreyse Ö/M and variants can be seen in the following films, television series, video games, and anime used by the following actors:

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Film

Title	Actor	Character	Note	Date
The Captain from Köpenick		German soldiers		1956

Dreyse Model 1835 Pistol

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Dreyse Model 1835 needle pistol - .38

The Dreyse Model 1835 Needlefire Breechloading Pistol is a single-shot breechloader, using the same concept of a needle-firing mechanism and paper cartridges as Dreyse rifles. The pistol wasn't issued to any military but found some commercial success, especially as a dueling gun.

The Dreyse Model 1835 and variants can be seen in the following films, television series, video games, and anime used by the following actors:

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Film

Title	Actor	Character	Note	Date
The Duelist (Duelyant)	Pyotr Fyodorov	Pyotr Yakovlev		2016
	Martin Wuttke	Baron Staroeh
	Pavel Tabakov	Prince Tuchkov
	Pierre Bourel	Prince Rayn
	Igor Khripunov	The second of Prince Rayn
	Anton Kuznetsov	The owner of gun store