Error creating thumbnail: File missing Join our Discord! |
If you have been locked out of your account you can request a password reset here. |
Winchester Model 1897: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
(Converted to table) |
||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
[[Image:Winchester1897TrenchTakedown.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Winchester Model 1897 "Trench Gun" - 12 Gauge. This is an original mint condition 1935 Manufacture commercial trench gun by Winchester.]] | [[Image:Winchester1897TrenchTakedown.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Winchester Model 1897 "Trench Gun" - 12 Gauge. This is an original mint condition 1935 Manufacture commercial trench gun by Winchester.]] | ||
[[Image:Winchester1897Plain.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Norinco Model 97W Hammer pump shotgun - 12 Gauge. Imported by IAC, this is many times described to be a Chinese clone of the Winchester Model 1897 due to the Chinese literature, however it is actually a clone of the ill fated Winchester Model 1893 pump shotgun, the immediate pre-cursor to the Winchester Model 1897. The Model 1893 was designed to fire only the lower power black powder cartridges, but came at the introduction of the Smokeless Powder rounds for the 12 gauge shotgun. This model was largely recalled by Winchester and a new model 1897 models were supplied to owners, free of charge.]] | [[Image:Winchester1897Plain.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Norinco Model 97W Hammer pump shotgun - 12 Gauge. Imported by IAC, this is many times described to be a Chinese clone of the Winchester Model 1897 due to the Chinese literature, however it is actually a clone of the ill fated Winchester Model 1893 pump shotgun, the immediate pre-cursor to the Winchester Model 1897. The Model 1893 was designed to fire only the lower power black powder cartridges, but came at the introduction of the Smokeless Powder rounds for the 12 gauge shotgun. This model was largely recalled by Winchester and a new model 1897 models were supplied to owners, free of charge.]] | ||
The Model 1897 was an evolution of the earlier Model 1893, designed by John Browning. It was the first truly successful pump-action shotgun produced. From 1897 until it was discontinued by Winchester in 1957, over a million of these guns were produced in various grades and barrel lengths. 16-gauge guns had a standard barrel length of 28 inches, while 12-gauge guns were furnished with 30-inch barrels. Special length barrels could be ordered in lengths as short as 20 inches, and as long as 36 inches. | The Model 1897 was an evolution of the earlier Model 1893, designed by John Browning. It was the first truly successful pump-action shotgun produced. From 1897 until it was discontinued by Winchester in 1957, over a million of these guns were produced in various grades and barrel lengths. 16-gauge guns had a standard barrel length of 28 inches, while 12-gauge guns were furnished with 30-inch barrels. Special length barrels could be ordered in lengths as short as 20 inches, and as long as 36 inches. | ||
Line 21: | Line 22: | ||
=== Film === | === Film === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" border="1" style="border: 1px solid #D0E7FF; background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left; font-size: 95%" | |||
|-bgcolor=#D0E7FF | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Title''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Actor''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Character''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Note''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="50"|'''Date''' | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[G Men]]'' || || State Police || Riot gun || 1935 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Bullets or Ballots]]'' || || Police Officers || Riot gun || 1936 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[San Quentin]]'' || || Prison Guard || Riot gun || 1937 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[A Slight Case of Murder]]'' || || || Riot gun; seen in the room || 1938 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Real Glory, The|The Real Glory]]'' || [[Gary Cooper]] || Dr. Bill Canavan || || 1939 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Lady Gangster]]'' || || Police officer || Riot gun || 1942 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Dillinger (1945)|Dillinger]]'' || [[Marc Lawrence]] || Doc Madison || || 1945 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Trapped (1949)|Trapped]]'' || || Police officers || Riot gun || 1949 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[White Heat]]'' || [[Edmond O'Brien]] || Hank Fallon || || 1949 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[White Heat]]'' || [[James Cagney]] || Cody Jarrett || || 1949 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[White Heat]]'' || || Accountant guard and LAPD officers || || 1949 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Enforcer (1951)|The Enforcer]]'' || || Police officers || Riot gun || 1951 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Desperate Hours, The (1955)|The Desperate Hours]]'' || || Indianapolis police officer || || 1955 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The FBI Story]]'' || || Police officer || Riot shotgun || 1959 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Chase, The (1966)|The Chase]]'' || || Posse member || || 1966 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Professionals (1966)|The Professionals]]'' || [[Lee Marvin]] || Henry "Rico" Fardan || || 1966 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[In Cold Blood]]'' || || Person of Interest || || 1967 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Thomas Crown Affair (1968), The|The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)]]'' || || Bank guards and bank robbers || || 1968 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Bullitt]]'' || [[Paul Genge]] || Mafia Mike || Sawn-off barrel and stock || 1968 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Wild Bunch]]'' || [[William Holden]] || Deke Thorten || || 1969 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Wild Bunch]]'' || [[Warren Oates]] || Lyle Gorch || || 1969 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The French Connection]]'' || [[Roy Scheider]] || Det. Buddy "Cloudy" Russo || || 1971 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[A Clockwork Orange]]'' || || HM Prison guards || || 1971 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Magnum Force]]'' || [[Tony Giorgio]] || Frank Palancio || || 1973 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Dillinger (1973)|Dillinger]]'' || [[Warren Oates]] || John Dillinger || || 1973 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Dillinger (1973)|Dillinger]]'' || [[Geoffrey Lewis]] || Harry Pierpont || || 1973 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Dillinger (1973)|Dillinger]]'' || || Police, FBI agents, vigilantes || || 1973 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[McQ]]'' || || Gangster || Trench Gun || 1974 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Three Days of the Condor]]'' || [[Hansford Rowe]] || Sgt. Jennings || || 1975 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Wind and the Lion, The|The Wind and the Lion]]'' || [[Candice Bergen]] || Mrs. Pedicaris || || 1975 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Wind and the Lion, The|The Wind and the Lion]]'' || [[Sean Connery]] || Sheik Rasuli || || 1975 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Wind and the Lion, The|The Wind and the Lion]]'' || || United States Marines || || 1975 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[King Kong (1976)|King Kong]]'' || [[Jack O'Halloran]] || Joe Perko || || 1976 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Assault on Precinct 13 (1976)]]'' || [[Darwin Joston]] || Napoleon Wilson || || 1976 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Rolling Thunder]]'' || [[Tommy Lee Jones]] || Master Sergeant Vohden || || 1977 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[F.I.S.T.]]'' || || Police officers || || 1978 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Brubaker]]'' || [[Robert Redford]] || Warden Henry Brubaker || || 1980 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Nighthawks]]'' || [[Billy Dee Williams]] || N.Y.P.D. Detective Fox || || 1981 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Border, The (1982)|The Border]]'' || [[Jeff Morris]] || J.J. || || 1982 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Toxic Avenger, The|The Toxic Avenger]]'' || || Thug || || 1984 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Extreme Prejudice]]'' || [[Rip Torn]] || Sheriff Hank Pearson || || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Untouchables, The (1987)|The Untouchables]]'' || [[Kevin Costner]] || Elliot Ness || || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Untouchables, The (1987)|The Untouchables]]'' || [[Sean Connery]] || Malone || || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Untouchables, The (1987)|The Untouchables]]'' || [[Andy Garcia]] || George Stone || || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Untouchables, The (1987)|The Untouchables]]'' || [[Charles Martin Smith]] || Oscar Wallace || || 1987 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Mobsters]]'' || [[Costas Mandylor]] || Frank Costello || || 1991 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Michael Collins]]'' || || A Black and Tan || || 1996 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Green Mile]]'' || || Posse member || || 1999 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Mummy]]'' || [[Brendon Fraser]] || Rick O'Connell || || 1999 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Mummy]]'' || [[Oded Fehr]] || Ardeth Bay || || 1999 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Pearl Harbor]]'' || [[Tom Sizemore]] || Sgt. Earl Sistern || Trench gun || 2001 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Serenity]]'' || [[Gina Torres]] || Zoe Washburn || Riot gun fitted with scope || 2005 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[No Country for Old Men]]'' || [[Josh Brolin]] || Llewelyn Moss || Sawn-off Norinco Model 97W || 2007 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'' || || Russian Soldier || || 2008 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Book of Eli, The|The Book of Eli]]'' || [[Michael Gambon]] || George || || 2010 | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Televison === | === Televison === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" border="1" style="border: 1px solid #D0E7FF; background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left; font-size: 95%" | |||
|-bgcolor=#D0E7FF | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Title''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="100"|'''Actor''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Character''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="400"|'''Note''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="100"|'''Date''' | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'' || [[Andy Griffith]] || Sheriff Andy Taylor || "The Big House" (Ep. 3.32) || 1960-1968 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 1]]'' || [[Kam Fong]] || Chin Ho || Pilot episode || 1968 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 1]]'' || [[Zulu (Actor)|Zulu]] || Kono Kalakaua || Pilot episode || 1968 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 2]]'' || || A revolutionary || "Savage Sunday" (S2E08) || 1969-1970 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 4]]'' || || Federal agents || "For a Million, Why Not?" (S4E08) || 1971-1972 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, The|The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'' || || Gangster || || 1992-1993 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman]]'' || || Joey || Ep. "That Old Gang of Mine" || 1993-1997 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Pacific]]'' || [[Ian Meadows]] || Pvt. Cecil Evans || Trench gun || 2010 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Lock 'n Load With R. Lee Ermey]]'' || || || || | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Video Games === | === Video Games === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" border="1" style="border: 1px solid #D0E7FF; background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left; font-size: 95%" | |||
|-bgcolor=#D0E7FF | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Game Title''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="150"|'''Appears as''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="250"|'''Mods''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Notation''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="100"|''' Release Date''' | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Resident Evil (2002)]]'' || || || Riot Gun || 2002 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Medal of Honor: Frontline]]'' || || || Trench gun || 2002 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Shellshock Nam '67]]'' || "Pump Gun" || || Trench gun || 2004 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Peter Jacksons King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie]]'' || || || Riot gun || 2005 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Condemned: Criminal Origins]]'' || "Pump Shotgun" || || Heavily modified version || 2005 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Medal of Honor: Heroes]]'' || || || Trench gun || 2006 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Call of Duty 3]]'' || || || Trench gun || 2006 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Commandos: Strike Force]]'' || "Winchester Riot" || || Riot gun || 2006 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[The Royal Marines Commando]]'' || "Winchester" || || Trench gun || 2008 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Call of Duty: World at War]]'' || "M1897 Trench Shotgun" || || Trench gun || 2008 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Call of Duty: World at War: Final Fronts]]'' || "Trenchgun" || || Trench gun || 2008 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Red Dead Redemption]] '' || "Pump Action Shotgun" || || || 2010 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Singularity]] '' || "Volk S4" || || Trench gun; unusable || 2010 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Karma Online]]'' || "M1897" || || Trench gun || 2011 | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Anime === | === Anime === | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" border="1" style="border: 1px solid #D0E7FF; background-color:#ffffff; text-align:left; font-size: 95%" | |||
|-bgcolor=#D0E7FF | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="200"|'''Title''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="250"|'''Character''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="150"|'''Note''' | |||
!align=center bgcolor=#D0E7FF width="100"|'''Date''' | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Gunslinger Girl]]'' || Triela || Trench gun || 2002-2004 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Black Lagoon]]'' || A thug || Trench gun || 2006 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Baccano!]]'' || Police officer || || 2007 | |||
|- | |||
| ''[[Michiko e Hatchin]]'' || Father Pedro Belenbauza || || 2008 | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Gun]] | [[Category:Gun]] | ||
[[Category:Shotgun]] | [[Category:Shotgun]] |
Revision as of 09:21, 7 June 2012
The Model 1897 was an evolution of the earlier Model 1893, designed by John Browning. It was the first truly successful pump-action shotgun produced. From 1897 until it was discontinued by Winchester in 1957, over a million of these guns were produced in various grades and barrel lengths. 16-gauge guns had a standard barrel length of 28 inches, while 12-gauge guns were furnished with 30-inch barrels. Special length barrels could be ordered in lengths as short as 20 inches, and as long as 36 inches.
Originally produced as a tougher, stronger version of the Winchester 1893, the 1897 was identical to its forerunner except for the receiver, which was thicker and allowed the use of smokeless powder shells, which were relatively new at the time. The 1897 also introduced a "take down" design, where the barrel could be taken off, which is standard in modern pump-action shotguns like the Remington 870. Production drew to a close in the late 1950s, when the "modern" hammerless designs became widespread, and it was gradually superseded by the Winchester Model 1912, with which it was coexisting.
The United States military used a short-barreled version, often called the "trench gun" by US troops, who made extensive use of it in both World Wars. This version was modified by adding a perforated steel heat shield over the barrel, and an adapter with bayonet lug for affixing a M1917 bayonet. Unlike most modern pump-action shotguns, the M1897 fired each time the action closed with the trigger depressed (that is, it lacks a trigger disconnector). That and its six-shot capacity made it extremely effective for close combat, and its devastating results caused the German government to protest (in vain) to have it outlawed in combat. The M1897 was used in limited numbers during World War II by the United States Army and Marine Corps, although it was outnumbered by the hammerless Model 1912 trench guns, which were now more common in the hands of US troops.
The Winchester Model 1897 shotgun has appeared in the following films, video games and anime, used by the following actors:
Specifications
- Weight: 8 lb (3.6 kg)
- Length: 39+1⁄4 in (1,000 mm)
- Barrel length: 20 in (510 mm)
- Caliber: 12-gauge
- Action: Pump-action
- Effective range: 20 m.
- Feed system: 5-round tubular magazine
Film
Title | Actor | Character | Note | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
G Men | State Police | Riot gun | 1935 | |
Bullets or Ballots | Police Officers | Riot gun | 1936 | |
San Quentin | Prison Guard | Riot gun | 1937 | |
A Slight Case of Murder | Riot gun; seen in the room | 1938 | ||
The Real Glory | Gary Cooper | Dr. Bill Canavan | 1939 | |
Lady Gangster | Police officer | Riot gun | 1942 | |
Dillinger | Marc Lawrence | Doc Madison | 1945 | |
Trapped | Police officers | Riot gun | 1949 | |
White Heat | Edmond O'Brien | Hank Fallon | 1949 | |
White Heat | James Cagney | Cody Jarrett | 1949 | |
White Heat | Accountant guard and LAPD officers | 1949 | ||
The Enforcer | Police officers | Riot gun | 1951 | |
The Desperate Hours | Indianapolis police officer | 1955 | ||
The FBI Story | Police officer | Riot shotgun | 1959 | |
The Chase | Posse member | 1966 | ||
The Professionals | Lee Marvin | Henry "Rico" Fardan | 1966 | |
In Cold Blood | Person of Interest | 1967 | ||
The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) | Bank guards and bank robbers | 1968 | ||
Bullitt | Paul Genge | Mafia Mike | Sawn-off barrel and stock | 1968 |
The Wild Bunch | William Holden | Deke Thorten | 1969 | |
The Wild Bunch | Warren Oates | Lyle Gorch | 1969 | |
The French Connection | Roy Scheider | Det. Buddy "Cloudy" Russo | 1971 | |
A Clockwork Orange | HM Prison guards | 1971 | ||
Magnum Force | Tony Giorgio | Frank Palancio | 1973 | |
Dillinger | Warren Oates | John Dillinger | 1973 | |
Dillinger | Geoffrey Lewis | Harry Pierpont | 1973 | |
Dillinger | Police, FBI agents, vigilantes | 1973 | ||
McQ | Gangster | Trench Gun | 1974 | |
Three Days of the Condor | Hansford Rowe | Sgt. Jennings | 1975 | |
The Wind and the Lion | Candice Bergen | Mrs. Pedicaris | 1975 | |
The Wind and the Lion | Sean Connery | Sheik Rasuli | 1975 | |
The Wind and the Lion | United States Marines | 1975 | ||
King Kong | Jack O'Halloran | Joe Perko | 1976 | |
Assault on Precinct 13 (1976) | Darwin Joston | Napoleon Wilson | 1976 | |
Rolling Thunder | Tommy Lee Jones | Master Sergeant Vohden | 1977 | |
F.I.S.T. | Police officers | 1978 | ||
Brubaker | Robert Redford | Warden Henry Brubaker | 1980 | |
Nighthawks | Billy Dee Williams | N.Y.P.D. Detective Fox | 1981 | |
The Border | Jeff Morris | J.J. | 1982 | |
The Toxic Avenger | Thug | 1984 | ||
Extreme Prejudice | Rip Torn | Sheriff Hank Pearson | 1987 | |
The Untouchables | Kevin Costner | Elliot Ness | 1987 | |
The Untouchables | Sean Connery | Malone | 1987 | |
The Untouchables | Andy Garcia | George Stone | 1987 | |
The Untouchables | Charles Martin Smith | Oscar Wallace | 1987 | |
Mobsters | Costas Mandylor | Frank Costello | 1991 | |
Michael Collins | A Black and Tan | 1996 | ||
The Green Mile | Posse member | 1999 | ||
The Mummy | Brendon Fraser | Rick O'Connell | 1999 | |
The Mummy | Oded Fehr | Ardeth Bay | 1999 | |
Pearl Harbor | Tom Sizemore | Sgt. Earl Sistern | Trench gun | 2001 |
Serenity | Gina Torres | Zoe Washburn | Riot gun fitted with scope | 2005 |
No Country for Old Men | Josh Brolin | Llewelyn Moss | Sawn-off Norinco Model 97W | 2007 |
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull | Russian Soldier | 2008 | ||
The Book of Eli | Michael Gambon | George | 2010 |
Televison
Title | Actor | Character | Note | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
The Andy Griffith Show | Andy Griffith | Sheriff Andy Taylor | "The Big House" (Ep. 3.32) | 1960-1968 |
Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 1 | Kam Fong | Chin Ho | Pilot episode | 1968 |
Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 1 | Zulu | Kono Kalakaua | Pilot episode | 1968 |
Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 2 | A revolutionary | "Savage Sunday" (S2E08) | 1969-1970 | |
Hawaii Five-O (1968) - Season 4 | Federal agents | "For a Million, Why Not?" (S4E08) | 1971-1972 | |
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles | Gangster | 1992-1993 | ||
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman | Joey | Ep. "That Old Gang of Mine" | 1993-1997 | |
The Pacific | Ian Meadows | Pvt. Cecil Evans | Trench gun | 2010 |
Lock 'n Load With R. Lee Ermey |
Video Games
Game Title | Appears as | Mods | Notation | Release Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resident Evil (2002) | Riot Gun | 2002 | ||
Medal of Honor: Frontline | Trench gun | 2002 | ||
Shellshock Nam '67 | "Pump Gun" | Trench gun | 2004 | |
Peter Jacksons King Kong: The Official Game of the Movie | Riot gun | 2005 | ||
Condemned: Criminal Origins | "Pump Shotgun" | Heavily modified version | 2005 | |
Medal of Honor: Heroes | Trench gun | 2006 | ||
Call of Duty 3 | Trench gun | 2006 | ||
Commandos: Strike Force | "Winchester Riot" | Riot gun | 2006 | |
The Royal Marines Commando | "Winchester" | Trench gun | 2008 | |
Call of Duty: World at War | "M1897 Trench Shotgun" | Trench gun | 2008 | |
Call of Duty: World at War: Final Fronts | "Trenchgun" | Trench gun | 2008 | |
Red Dead Redemption | "Pump Action Shotgun" | 2010 | ||
Singularity | "Volk S4" | Trench gun; unusable | 2010 | |
Karma Online | "M1897" | Trench gun | 2011 |
Anime
Title | Character | Note | Date |
---|---|---|---|
Gunslinger Girl | Triela | Trench gun | 2002-2004 |
Black Lagoon | A thug | Trench gun | 2006 |
Baccano! | Police officer | 2007 | |
Michiko e Hatchin | Father Pedro Belenbauza | 2008 |