One of the Joker's henchmen uses a 40mm grenade launcher to break a window and to fire a grappling hook on the bank's roof. They are later seen used once more by his men to fire a line between two buildings to take down a helicopter.
Beretta 92FS
A Beretta 92FS equipped with a suppressor is used by one of The Joker's henchmen, "Happy" during the bank heist to kill "Dopey". An officer is also seen pointing his 92FS at The Joker when he takes Detective Stephens (Keith Szarabajka) hostage with a shard of glass, demanding to get his one phone call.
"Grumpy", one of The Joker's henchman in the bank heist, uses a Glock 17 to kill "Happy" in the vaults. He also uses it to hold up The Joker, suspecting he will kill him as well, only for Joker to tell him he is going to kill the bus driver. This confuses Grumpy until he is hit by a bus that smashes into the building. Several other Glocks are seen in the hands of henchmen and police throughout the film.
Glock 18/Glock 17 (Converted to full-auto)
The Joker (Heath Ledger) uses a Glock 17 that has been converted to full-auto, as the gun lacks the Glock 18's firing selector switch on the side of the slide. His tutone Glock is fitted with a G18's standard 33 round magazine. He is seen using it as his main weapon several times in the film. A fun fact, to make the gun sound more impressive, the report of a GE M134 Minigun is used to dub the gunfire of his Glock. Despite the extreme cyclic rate difference (roughly 1300rpm to 4000rpm), this sound fits quite nicely. For someone as bizarre as The Joker, the gun fits him well as it is very rare, destructive, stylish although in some ways impractical. The extremly high cyclic rate makes it difficult to control, although in the hands of an experienced shooter, it is all the more deadly.
It would be a pretty wild assumption to say that his is a converted Glock 17 just because there isn't a visible selector lever. It is much more likely that this is supposed to be a Glock 18 and the prop gun simply didn't have a selector lever-since it's a small detail. Especially considering he fires single shots with it and that would be impossible to do with a machine pistol, converted or otherwise, unless it was a select-fire weapon.
The only time he fired it single-shot, it was a flashpaper pistol.
Walther P99
Lau (Chin Han) is seen pulling a Walther P99 from his desk when Batman (Christian Bale) cuts the power in his building and fires several shots at him before all of his men are dispatched and he is captured.
Glock 26 (fictional mock up)
During Harvey Dent's (Aaron Eckhart) introduction in a trial of Sal Maroni (Eric Roberts), the crime family leader, a witness in Maroni's payroll draws a Glock 26 cosmetically changed to look like a different gun and tries to kill Dent with it, only to discover the gun is out of working order. After dissarming the would-be shooter, Dent identifies the gun as a "Carbon fiber... 28 Caliber, made in China." Though, admittedly, this is just movie-talk, and therefore not actually pertaining to the gun.
Smith & Wesson Model 19 Snub
The Joker takes a Smith & Wesson Model 19 Snub off of one of his men at Harvey Dent's fundraiser after Batman knocks him unconcious and uses it to hold Rachel Dawes (Maggie Gyllenhaal) hostage before shooting out the window behind him and dropping her out of it.
GE M134 Minigun
Bruce Wayne (Christian Bale) is seen using a custom built automated gun built from a GE M134 Minigun to test bullet impacts on slabs of wall to test which type of round matches the bullet he found used by The Joker to kill a police officer.
SIG-Sauer P229
Detective Stephens (Keith Szarabajka) uses a SIG-Sauer P229 as his sidearm in the film most notabley during the funeral when The Joker's men fire at the mayor.
M16A2 rifles are used by National Guardsmen, and by some of the GCPD officers at the funeral.
M4A1 Carbine
M4A1 carbines are used by the GCPD SWAT teams throughout the film, and police snipers during the funeral. The M4A1s are seen mainly fitted with reflex sights, foregrips, and M900 Surefire tactical lights.
Heckler & Koch MP5A2
Heckler & Koch MP5A2s are used by GCPD SWAT teams and SDU teams in Hong Kong throughout the film.
A GCPD SWAT sniper scouts windows for shooters during the funeral armed with a Remington 700PSS.
Blaser 93
Blaser 93 sniper rifles are used by the GCPD SWAT snipers over looking the building The Joker is in from the neighboring rooftop. While the poor light makes them kind of hard to see, the basic shape of the rifle and the obvious straight pull bolt-action makes it easy to identify.
M1 Garand
The Joker (Heath Ledger) and his men use M1 Garand rifles during the assassination attempt on the Mayor while disguised as the officers who carry out the 21 gun salute salute during the funeral of Commissioner Loeb (Colin McFarlane). Since funeral procession guns are blank converted or fitted with blank adapters (they could lack both but these guns clearly fire in semi-automatic), the guns are either following the movie myth that blanks and live rounds both work in live guns, or they removed the adapters and are firing live rounds into the air for the first two volleys!
Norinco Type 69 RPG
A Chinese Norinco Type 69 copy of the RPG-7 is used by the Joker during the armored car chase scene. He uses it to destroy a police cruiser, but fails to hit the armored car protecting Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart). When Batman (Christian Bale) joins the chase, The Joker fires on the armored car again, only to hit the Tumbler inadvertently (after Batman bridges his Tumbler in front of the van). The Tumbler damaged beyond viability, Batman is forced to switch to his secondary vehicle hidden within the Tumbler, the Batpod. For some reason, an educated SWAT member refered to this rocket propelled grenade launcher as a "bazooka".
An AKMSU is used by one of Scarecrows men during the meeting with the Russians.
IMI Mini Uzi
One of the Batman copycats is seen using an IMI Mini Uzi to shoot at the Russians.
Ruger Mini-14
A Ruger Mini-14 is used by one of the Batman copycats who attacks the meeting between Scarecrow and the Russians. Batman twists the barrel on the rifle with his super-strength gadget before knocking him out.
During the bank robbery, the Bank Manager (William Fichtner) uses a sawed-off Remington 870 shotgun (unless this guy is paying his class 3 license, this gun is illegal) to kill "Chuckles" and fires at Joker and Grumpy, firing five shots in total. Grumpy asks Joker if he is out and when he jumps up to fire, an unexpected sixth round grazes him before Joker shooters him. After he kills his remaining men, Joker takes the shotgun for himself. He is later seen using it to gun down a traffic cop who walks up to his semi-truck and to fire at the SWAT van transporting Harvey Dent before switching to his RPG. Multiple times in the film he is seen firing the gun with one hand, which in reality would kick the pump back most every time. Since blanks produce little to no recoil, this factor doesn't present a problem in movie guns.
-Last I checked, William Fichtner's character was a criminal, and I don't really think criminals could give a you-know-what about their firearms licenses and tax stamps
Remington 870
Remington 870 shotguns are seen as the standard long arms of the Gotham City Police Department. One of the Batman copycats is also seen firing one during the meeting between the Russians and Scarecrow.
Double Barrel Shotgun
A Double Barrel Shotgun is seen wielded by one of The Joker's henchmen at the fundraiser. Bruce Wayne (Christian Bale) disarms the henchmen of the shotgun and then disassembles the gun. This gun was likely selected because it is arguabley one of the simplest guns to disassemble of many.
Mossberg 500
Mossberg 500s can be seen in the hands of the correctional officers on the carrier guarding both the civilian boat and the convict boat. GCPD SWAT are also seen with tactially outfitted Mossberg 500s.
Mossberg 590
Mossberg 590s are also seen used by the correctional officers on the carriers. 590s are also used by GCPD officers.
Benelli M3 Super 90
Gordon takes the Joker down with a shotgun, equiped with a Surefire forend.
This 9mm submachine gun is used by The Joker, during his faceoff against Batman in the streets of Gotham. He uses it to fire on several civilian cars while trying to provoke Batman. It is also noted that he nearly shoots himself in the foot with it while stumbling out of the overturned semi. He is also seen firing it in the trailer, and holding it menacingly. This gun fits the Joker well (as does his Glock 18 and confiscated sawed off pump gun), as it is a very effective killing tool while looking menacing and stylish all the same.
This weapon is used by one of The Joker's henchmen. He fires it upon their break into Gotham National Bank to frighten people. He also hits a security guard in the head with it. He is killed by the Bank Manager, shortly after. In the Prewitt Building scene, other Mac 11's are seen taped to the hands of hostages that are "disguised" as clowns.
Are you sure the Clown Hostages were equipped with real guns (that is, in the universe of the movie)? I'm fairly sure at least some of them were equipped with non-guns (that are supposed to be non-guns in the movie), though whether that was for budget or safety reasons, I don't know. It would seem strange to give hostages real guns, though I could see the reason as being to fool the cops.
In the universe of the movie, the hostages could have been given empty magazines.
That's true, but a lot of them also looked like rubber copies.
Beretta M12 submachine guns are used by some of Joker's henchmen at Bruce Wayne's fund raiser for Harvey Dent.
Smith & Wesson Model 10
This pistol is seen in Hong Kong when the SDU team storms the building.
Mk 2 hand grenade
While meeting with the mob bosses Joker advises them to not "blow it out of proportion". Several greandes are also seen in the Joker's "grenade bag" during the robbery.
M26 hand grenade
Both Mk2 and M26 hand grenades can been seen in the Joker's jacket. As well as in The Joker's "grenade bag" in during the robbery.
M67 Hand Grenade
A M67 hand grenade is seen when the Joker is handing out the grenades during the robbery, especially Grumpy tells them to "hold on for dear life".
Batpod
A pair of heavy machine guns or autocannons of unknown caliber are mounted to Batman's (Christian Bale) Batpod.
Looking at the Special Edition outer box, it appears Batman has 3 different guns on each side of his Batpod. He has a lower set of machine guns, which remind me of Browning M1919s, mainly due to the barrel shroud, the big autocannons in the middle, and the grappling hooks on top.