During the raid on Fort Knox, Auric Goldfinger (Gert Fröbe) can be seen carrying a Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver with a gold-plated finish and ivory grips while disguised as a U.S. Army Colonel, even shooting Mr. Ling with it, to fool Army soldiers during the shootout at the gold depository.
While flying to the United States, Bond correctly identifies Pussy Galore's (Honor Blackman) revolver as a Smith & Wesson Model 22 (when he says "Smith & Wesson .45"), also stating that a bullet fired from the gun would pass through him and the plane.
Walther P38
Several of Auric Goldfinger (Gert Fröbe)'s guards can be seen carrying Walther P38 as their sidearms, one of which Bond also manages to comandeer before having to hand it back over to Pussy Galore.
Walther PPK
James Bond (Sean Connery) keeps a Walther PPK in his shoulder holster, seen most prominently when a Cuban hitman tries to grab it.
unidentified revolver
One of Goldfinger's guards fires a revolver at Bond and Tilly.
MP40
Goldfinger's guards carry MP40s, using them in most major gunfights of the film, with even Goldfinger himself using one briefly during the Fort Knox raid. This gun is also being tested on a bulletproof vest in Q's lab. The old lady working as a guard to Goldfinger's facility also carries an MP40.
1928A1 Thompson
U.S. Army soldiers carry 1928A1 Thompsons during the gunfight with Goldfinger's men at Fort Knox.
Armalite AR-7
Tilly Masterson (Tania Mallet) is seen twice using an Armalite AR-7 rifle to try and shoot Goldfinger.
Karabiner 98k
Goldfinger's men carry Karabiner 98k rifles during their raid on Fort Knox.
M1 Carbine
U.S. Army soldiers can be seen carrying M1 Carbines during the gas raid on Fort Knox. They are WW2 Carbines judging by the darker wood Walnut stock and lack of a bayonet lug.
M14 rifle
U.S. Army soldiers at Fort Knox were seen with M14 rifles slung over their shoulders before Fort Knox was hit with knock-out gas by Pussy Galore's crew.
M1 Garand
A M1 Garand rifle can be seen on the weapons wall in Q's research lab.
Lee-Enfield Rifle
A Lee-Enfield rifle can also be seen on the Weapon's wall in Q's lab, I can't really tell what model though.